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Dienstag, 13 September 2016 13:42

5 Foto-Formeln auf dem Prüfstand

5 Foto-Formeln auf dem Prüfstand

"Sonne lacht, Blende 8!" hat sicherlich jeder schon mal gehört. Fakt ist aber, die meisten dieser und ähnlicher Regeln stammen aus einer Zeit, in der Kameras noch nicht automatisch belichten konnten und man noch einen Film einlegen musste. Es stellt sich also die Frage: wie sehr sollte man sich daran halten? Macht das noch Sinn?

 

 

 

Regel 1 - Der Klassiker: Sonne lacht, Blende 8!

Das kennt jeder, der schon mal eine Kamera in der Hand hatte. Dummerweise beißt sich das mit diversen anderen Weisheiten, angefangen von: „Für Mensch und Tier nimm Blende vier.“, "Blende auf drei – der Hintergrund ist Brei." bis hin zu "Ist selbst Blende 2 zu knapp, nimm einfach den Deckel ab."

Anwendbar: Jein! Diese Regel beschreibt einen Sachverhalt, der so dermaßen allgemein ist, dass man kaum sagen kann, ob es Sinn macht sie zu befolgen. Grundsätzlich ist an sonnigen Tagen nichts zu sagen gegen Blende 8. Man schränkt sich aber kreativ sehr ein, wenn man sich stoisch daran hält. Während Landschaftsfotos meist noch gut gelingen sollten, stößt man bei Bildern mit Portraitcharakter unter Umständen schnell ans gestalterische Limit. Beispielsweise hält sich der Freistellungseffekt mit Blende 8 stark in Grenzen (bis hin zu ist nicht existent), wenn nicht gerade ein riesiger Abstand zwischen Model und Hintergrund besteht.

 

Regel 2 - Sunny Sixteen: Belichtungszeit = 1 / ISO bei Blende f/16

Oder in Worten: an einem sonnigen Tag, stell die Blende auf f/16 und belichte so lange wie der Kehrwert der eingestellten ISO Empfindlichkeit (also z.B. 1/400 s bei ISO400). Erscheint diese Regel auf den ersten Blick ähnlich allgemein wie die erste, so existieren hier immerhin noch diverse Verfeinerungen (f/22 bei Schnee/Sand, f/11 für leichte Bewölkung, f/8 für normale Bewölkung, f/5.6 für starke Bewölkung, f/4 für Sonnenauf-/untergänge).

Anwendbarkeit: Nein. Diese Regel stammt aus einer Zeit, in der der ISO Wert durch den eingelegten Film fest vorgegeben war .Heute kann man wesentlich flexibler auf die herrschenden Lichtverhältnisse reagieren. Außerdem liegt f/16 bei vielen Objektiven bereits hinter dem sog. "sweet spot" (die Blende, mit der das Objektiv die schärfsten Resultate erzielt). Das heißt, die stark geschlossene Blende verursacht bereits wieder Beugungsunschärfen und somit generell unschärfere Bilder als eigentlich möglich. Nicht zuletzt schränkt man sich hier ähnlich stark kreativ ein wie bei Regel 1.

 

Regel 3 - Looney Eleven: Belichtungszeit = 1 / ISO bei Blende f/11

Diese Regel ist das Äquivalent zu Regel 2, nur das Szenario ist ein anderes, nämlich die Mondfotografie. Auch diese Regel ist sehr allgemein, was aber nicht ganz so schlimm ist, denn die Situation ist auch deutlich eingeschränkter. Wenn man den Mond fotografiert, hat man fast immer viel schwarz und einen helleren Punkt im Bild (es sei denn man trickst mit den Double Exposure Features von modernen Kameras). Wenn man nicht gerade ein Teleskop zur Verfügung hat, ist dieser helle Punkt auch nie übermäßig groß. 

Anwendbarkeit: Ja! Diese Regel wird zwar nicht unbedingt beim ersten Versuch ein korrekt belichtetes Bild hervorbringen, bietet aber einen ausgezeichneten Startpunkt für Belichtungsanpassungen. Man liegt selten komplett daneben. Praxis-Pro-Tipp am Rande: Displayhelligkeit so gering wie möglich einstellen, während man den Mond fotografiert. Die Augen haben sich irgendwann an die Dunkelheit gewöhnt und es besteht die Gefahr, dass man mit einem zu hell eingestellten Display alles als Überbelichtung interpretiert. Aber am besten sowieso immer in RAW fotografieren, da kann man dann hinterher noch fast alles regeln. 

 

Regel 4 - Belichtungszeit bei "Mitziehern": 1 / Geschwindigkeit des Subjekts in km/h

Sogenannte Mitzieher sind Fotos, bei denen die Kamera während der Belichtung einem sich bewegenden Subjekt folgt. Mit etwas Übung bleibt so das Subjekt scharf, aber der Hintergrund verwischt. Auf diese Art und Weise entstandene Bilder vermitteln gut den Eindruck von Bewegung, Dynamik und Geschwindigkeit. Es stellt sich in diesem Fall aber die Frage: wie lange muss man für einen Möglichst guten Effekt belichten? Eine zu kurze Belichtung reicht nicht aus um das gewünschte Gefühl zu vermitteln. Eine zu lange Belichtung kann die Umgebung des Subjektes komplett unkenntlich machen und führt sehr wahrscheinlich auch beim Subjekt selbst zu einer verwackelten Darstellung. Eine Antwort gibt diese Mitzieher-Regel. Beispielhaft: Fotografiere den Rennradfahrer, der mit 40km/h fährt 1/40 Sekunde lang und den Sportwagen auf der Rennstrecke, der mit 250 Sachen an dir vorbeirauscht, mit 1/250 Sekunde.

Anwendbarkeit: Jein! Natürlich kommt es auch auf die Brennweite und den Abstand zum Motiv an, aber sobald das Subjekt das Bild einigermaßen gut ausfüllt, kann man sagen: diese Regel produziert brauchbare Ergebnisse. Beispielhaft zeigt das folgende Bild ein Foto, das ich mal auf einer Hochzeit geschossen habe. Die Belichtungszeit war 1/40 Sekunde und wir waren vielleicht etwas schneller unterwegs, maximal aber 50 km/h.

 

Regel 5 - Maximale Belichtungszeit bei Astrofotografie (die "600er Regel"): 600 / (Brennweite * Cropfaktor)

Diese Regel läuft einem auch häufiger als 500er Regel über den Weg, was aber deren Inhalt nicht extreeem verfälscht. Möchte man den Sternenhimmel fotografieren, "verwischen" die einzelnen Sterne aufgrund der Erdrotation während einer Langzeitbelichtung. Die verwendete Brennweite hat einen maßgeblichen Einfluss darauf, wie schnell das passiert (übrigens auch die Auflösung des Kamera Sensors, aber wir wollen es an dieser Stelle nicht unnötig kompliziert machen). Möchte man diesen Verwischungseffekt nicht haben, sollte man nicht länger belichten, als diese Regel vorgibt. Beispiel 24mm Objektiv an einer APS-C Kamera: 600 / (24*1,6) = 15,6 Sekunden. Belichtet man länger, ziehen die Sterne Spuren im Bild (was manchmal natürlich aber auch erwünscht sein kann). 

Anwendbarkeit: Ja! Das kommt in etwa hin. Wenn man nicht gerade mit einer 150 MP Kamera Bilder macht, die hinterher auf Hauswände tapeziert werden sollen, funktioniert diese Regel ziemlich gut. Das folgende Bild zeigt ein zugegebenermaßen etwas extremeres Beispiel. Verwendet wurde ein 8mm Fisheye an der Canon EOS 7D. Das heißt: 600 / (8 * 1,6) = max. 46,8 Sekunden. Das Bild wurde aber "nur" 30 Sekunden belichtet. Es hätte also noch etwas zeitlichen Puffer gegeben. Dafür gibt's aber auch absolut keine Anzeichen von Verwischungen.

 

Fazit:

Nicht alle Weisheiten aus analogen Tagen machen heute noch Sinn, aber erstaunlich viele. Gerade die Mitzieher- und die 600er Regel haben durch den technischen Fortschritt nichts an Gültigkeit eingebüßt und es kann sich lohnen, sie im Hinterkopf zu behalten.

P.S.: Widersprüche oder Ergänzungen gerne in die Kommentare!

 

 


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19710 Kommentare

  • Kommentar-Link ClaudeAcubs Sonntag, 20 April 2025 18:09 gepostet von ClaudeAcubs

    President Donald Trump speaks about the mid-air crash between American Airlines flight 5342 and a military helicopter in Washington. Roberto Schmidt/AFP/Getty Images
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    President Donald Trump on Thursday blamed the Federal Aviation Administration’s “diversity push” in part for the plane collision that killed 67 people in Washington, DC. But DEI backers, including most top US companies, believe a push for diversity has been good for their businesses.

    Trump did not cite any evidence for how efforts to hire more minorities, people with disabilities and other groups less represented in American workforces led to the crash, saying “it just could have been” and that he had “common sense.” But Trump criticized the FAA’s effort to recruit people with disabilities during Joe Biden’s administration, even though the FAA’s Aviation Safety Workforce Plan for the 2020-2029 period, issued under Trump’s first administration, promoted and supported “the hiring of people with disabilities and targeted disabilities.”
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    It’s not the first time opponents of diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives, or DEI, have said they can kill people. “DEI means people DIE,” Elon Musk said after the California wildfires, criticizing the Los Angeles Fire Department and city and state officials for their efforts to advance diversity in their workforces.

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  • Kommentar-Link Jameskat Sonntag, 20 April 2025 17:33 gepostet von Jameskat

    Possibilities
    The authors of the study, published May 6 in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, specifically set out to search for Dyson spheres, in the form of infrared heat near stars that couldn’t be explained in any other way.
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    Using historical data from telescopes that pick up infrared signatures, the research team looked at stars located within less than 1,000 light-years from Earth: “We started with a sample of 5 million stars, and we applied filters to try to get rid of as much data contamination as possible,” said lead study author Matias Suazo, a doctoral student in the department of physics and astronomy of Uppsala University in Sweden.

    “So far, we have seven sources that we know are glowing in the infrared but we don’t know why, so they stand out.”
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    There is no conclusive evidence that the seven stars have Dyson spheres around them, Suazo cautioned.

    “It’s difficult for us to find an explanation for these sources, because we don’t have enough data to prove what is the real cause of the infrared glow,” he said. “They could be Dyson spheres, because they behave like our models predict, but they could be something else as well.”

    Among the natural causes that could explain the infrared glow are an unlucky alignment in the observation, with a galaxy in the background overlapping with the star, planetary collisions creating debris, or the fact that the stars may be young and therefore still surrounded by disks of hot debris from which planets would later form.
    The data used by the researchers comes from two active space telescopes — the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, from NASA and Gaia from the European Space Agency — as well as an astronomical survey of the sky in infrared light called The Two Micron All Sky Survey. Also known as 2MASS, the collaboration between the University of Massachusetts and the US space agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory took place between 1997 and 2001.

  • Kommentar-Link Frankjep Sonntag, 20 April 2025 17:11 gepostet von Frankjep

    Possibilities
    The authors of the study, published May 6 in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, specifically set out to search for Dyson spheres, in the form of infrared heat near stars that couldn’t be explained in any other way.
    kraken тор
    Using historical data from telescopes that pick up infrared signatures, the research team looked at stars located within less than 1,000 light-years from Earth: “We started with a sample of 5 million stars, and we applied filters to try to get rid of as much data contamination as possible,” said lead study author Matias Suazo, a doctoral student in the department of physics and astronomy of Uppsala University in Sweden.

    “So far, we have seven sources that we know are glowing in the infrared but we don’t know why, so they stand out.”
    https://kra30att.cc
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    There is no conclusive evidence that the seven stars have Dyson spheres around them, Suazo cautioned.

    “It’s difficult for us to find an explanation for these sources, because we don’t have enough data to prove what is the real cause of the infrared glow,” he said. “They could be Dyson spheres, because they behave like our models predict, but they could be something else as well.”

    Among the natural causes that could explain the infrared glow are an unlucky alignment in the observation, with a galaxy in the background overlapping with the star, planetary collisions creating debris, or the fact that the stars may be young and therefore still surrounded by disks of hot debris from which planets would later form.
    The data used by the researchers comes from two active space telescopes — the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, from NASA and Gaia from the European Space Agency — as well as an astronomical survey of the sky in infrared light called The Two Micron All Sky Survey. Also known as 2MASS, the collaboration between the University of Massachusetts and the US space agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory took place between 1997 and 2001.

  • Kommentar-Link BradleyCic Sonntag, 20 April 2025 10:19 gepostet von BradleyCic

    Possibilities
    The authors of the study, published May 6 in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, specifically set out to search for Dyson spheres, in the form of infrared heat near stars that couldn’t be explained in any other way.
    kraken darknet
    Using historical data from telescopes that pick up infrared signatures, the research team looked at stars located within less than 1,000 light-years from Earth: “We started with a sample of 5 million stars, and we applied filters to try to get rid of as much data contamination as possible,” said lead study author Matias Suazo, a doctoral student in the department of physics and astronomy of Uppsala University in Sweden.

    “So far, we have seven sources that we know are glowing in the infrared but we don’t know why, so they stand out.”
    https://kra30att.cc
    kraken войти
    There is no conclusive evidence that the seven stars have Dyson spheres around them, Suazo cautioned.

    “It’s difficult for us to find an explanation for these sources, because we don’t have enough data to prove what is the real cause of the infrared glow,” he said. “They could be Dyson spheres, because they behave like our models predict, but they could be something else as well.”

    Among the natural causes that could explain the infrared glow are an unlucky alignment in the observation, with a galaxy in the background overlapping with the star, planetary collisions creating debris, or the fact that the stars may be young and therefore still surrounded by disks of hot debris from which planets would later form.
    The data used by the researchers comes from two active space telescopes — the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, from NASA and Gaia from the European Space Agency — as well as an astronomical survey of the sky in infrared light called The Two Micron All Sky Survey. Also known as 2MASS, the collaboration between the University of Massachusetts and the US space agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory took place between 1997 and 2001.

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  • Kommentar-Link Thomassex Sonntag, 20 April 2025 09:24 gepostet von Thomassex

    Possibilities
    The authors of the study, published May 6 in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, specifically set out to search for Dyson spheres, in the form of infrared heat near stars that couldn’t be explained in any other way.
    kraken darknet
    Using historical data from telescopes that pick up infrared signatures, the research team looked at stars located within less than 1,000 light-years from Earth: “We started with a sample of 5 million stars, and we applied filters to try to get rid of as much data contamination as possible,” said lead study author Matias Suazo, a doctoral student in the department of physics and astronomy of Uppsala University in Sweden.

    “So far, we have seven sources that we know are glowing in the infrared but we don’t know why, so they stand out.”
    https://kra30att.cc
    kraken даркнет
    There is no conclusive evidence that the seven stars have Dyson spheres around them, Suazo cautioned.

    “It’s difficult for us to find an explanation for these sources, because we don’t have enough data to prove what is the real cause of the infrared glow,” he said. “They could be Dyson spheres, because they behave like our models predict, but they could be something else as well.”

    Among the natural causes that could explain the infrared glow are an unlucky alignment in the observation, with a galaxy in the background overlapping with the star, planetary collisions creating debris, or the fact that the stars may be young and therefore still surrounded by disks of hot debris from which planets would later form.
    The data used by the researchers comes from two active space telescopes — the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, from NASA and Gaia from the European Space Agency — as well as an astronomical survey of the sky in infrared light called The Two Micron All Sky Survey. Also known as 2MASS, the collaboration between the University of Massachusetts and the US space agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory took place between 1997 and 2001.

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  • Kommentar-Link VincentDueta Samstag, 19 April 2025 23:59 gepostet von VincentDueta

    A job for the Webb space telescope
    Площадка кракен
    “We got 53 candidates for anomalies that cannot be well explained, but can’t say that all of them are Dyson sphere candidates, because that’s not what we are specifically looking for,” said Gabriella Contardo, a postdoctoral research fellow at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, who led the earlier study. She added that she plans to check the candidates against Suazo’s model to see how many tie into it.
    https://kra30att.cc
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    “You need to eliminate all other hypotheses and explanations before saying that they could be a Dyson sphere,” she added. “To do so you need to also rule out that it’s not some kind of debris disk, or some kind of planetary collision, and that also pushes the science forward in other fields of astronomy — so it’s a win-win.”

    Both Contardo and Suazo agree that more research is needed on the data, and that ultimately they could turn to NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope for more information, as it is powerful enough to observe the candidate stars directly. However, because of the lengthy, competitive procedures that regulate use of the telescope, securing access might take some time.
    If Dyson spheres really exist, what could they be used for? “If you picture ourselves having as much energy as the sun is providing every second, we could do unheard of things,” Suazo said. “We could do interstellar travel, maybe we could even move the entire solar system to our preferred location, if we wanted.”

    But don’t hold your breath, because the technology and the raw materials required to build the hypothetical structures are far beyond humanity’s grasp.

    “They are so big that everything we have on Earth would not be enough to build them,” Suazo added. “Freeman Dyson said that we should dismantle Jupiter — the whole planet (for the raw materials).”

    That supercolossal scale probably means that Dyson spheres, if they exist at all, are very rare.

  • Kommentar-Link MartinGab Samstag, 19 April 2025 23:06 gepostet von MartinGab

    A job for the Webb space telescope
    kraken войти
    “We got 53 candidates for anomalies that cannot be well explained, but can’t say that all of them are Dyson sphere candidates, because that’s not what we are specifically looking for,” said Gabriella Contardo, a postdoctoral research fellow at the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, who led the earlier study. She added that she plans to check the candidates against Suazo’s model to see how many tie into it.
    https://kra30att.cc
    kraken зеркало
    “You need to eliminate all other hypotheses and explanations before saying that they could be a Dyson sphere,” she added. “To do so you need to also rule out that it’s not some kind of debris disk, or some kind of planetary collision, and that also pushes the science forward in other fields of astronomy — so it’s a win-win.”

    Both Contardo and Suazo agree that more research is needed on the data, and that ultimately they could turn to NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope for more information, as it is powerful enough to observe the candidate stars directly. However, because of the lengthy, competitive procedures that regulate use of the telescope, securing access might take some time.
    If Dyson spheres really exist, what could they be used for? “If you picture ourselves having as much energy as the sun is providing every second, we could do unheard of things,” Suazo said. “We could do interstellar travel, maybe we could even move the entire solar system to our preferred location, if we wanted.”

    But don’t hold your breath, because the technology and the raw materials required to build the hypothetical structures are far beyond humanity’s grasp.

    “They are so big that everything we have on Earth would not be enough to build them,” Suazo added. “Freeman Dyson said that we should dismantle Jupiter — the whole planet (for the raw materials).”

    That supercolossal scale probably means that Dyson spheres, if they exist at all, are very rare.

  • Kommentar-Link Bobbynem Samstag, 19 April 2025 20:40 gepostet von Bobbynem

    A federal judge on Tuesday afternoon temporarily blocked part of the Trump administration’s plans to freeze all federal aid, a policy that unleashed confusion and worry from charities and educators even as the White House said it was not as sweeping an order as it appeared.
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    The short-term pause issued by US District Judge Loren L. AliKhan prevents the administration from carrying through with its plans to freeze funding for “open awards” already granted by the federal government through at least 5 p.m. ET Monday, February 3.
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    The judge’s administrative stay is “a way of preserving the status quo” while she considers the challenge brought by a group of non-profits to the White House plans, AliKhan said.
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    “The government doesn’t know the full scope of the programs that are going to be subject to the pause,” AliKhan said after pressing an attorney for the Justice Department on what programs the freeze would apply to. AliKhan is expected to consider a longer-term pause on the policy early next week.
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    The White House budget office had ordered the pause on federal grants and loans, according to an internal memorandum sent Monday.

    Federal agencies “must temporarily pause all activities related to obligation or disbursement of all Federal financial assistance,” White House Office of Management and Budget acting director Matthew Vaeth said in the memorandum, a copy of which was obtained by CNN, citing administration priorities listed in past executive orders.
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